Fronds large, 2-3(-4)-pinnate, widely triangular-lanceolate, somewhat glossy and with bicolored or concolorous basal stipe-scales. Lobes of ultimate segments usually narrow, pointed and with long hair-pointed aristate teeth.

1. Basal basiscopic pinnule of lowest pinnae longer than (or equal to) the adjacent pinnule, if nearly equal then blade and rachis without small stalked glands

2. Blade as wide or wider than long; the stipe longer than the blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. D. amurensis

2. Blade narrower than long; the stipe shorter than the blade (see also Section 7: Aemulae)

3. Stipe scales concolorous, pale; length of the basal basiscopic pinnule less than 2 times the length of the basal acroscopic pinnule; medial and distal pinnae usually narrow triangular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .34. D. carthusiana

3. Stipe scales with a darkened base or central dark band; length of the basal basiscopic pinnule usually 2 or more times the length of the basal acroscopic pinnule; the medial and distal pinnae more or less parallel-sided near the middle

4. Pinnule margins curving under; fronds dark green; stipe scales with a dark central stripe; European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. D. dilatata

4. Pinnule margins flat; fronds medium green; stipe scales tan or with a dark center or base (species difficult to separate)

5. Stipe scales tan with a dark central stripe; fronds erect or slightly archingl North America and Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. D. expansa

5. Stipe scales tan sometimes dark at the base; fronds widely spreading; North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33. D. campyloptera